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Fallece Alberto Fujimori, expresidente peruano controvertido y divisible

A las 11.45 de la mañana del jueves, seis portadores con guantes blancos 3️⃣ llevaron un ataúd que contenía el cuerpo del político peruano más divisivo, amado y vituperado de las últimas cuatro décadas. 3️⃣ Pasaron ante los dolientes, las cámaras y las lanzas con banderas del regimiento de Húsares de Junín, y lo dejaron 3️⃣ en el vestíbulo del ministerio de Cultura de Lima, un edificio brutalista.

Detrás del ataúd, con las manos entrelazadas y vestidos 3️⃣ de luto bajo un cielo primaveral suave pero cálido, vinieron su hija mayor y su hijo menor. Una multitud de 3️⃣ ministros, aliados políticos y altos mandos militares los esperaban en las puertas dobles del ministerio.

Así comenzaron tres días de luto 3️⃣ nacional en honor de Alberto Fujimori, el político que sorprendentemente se convirtió en presidente del Perú de 1990 a 2000 3️⃣ y que, nueve años después, fue ordenado a cumplir una sentencia de 25 años por autorizar secuestros y asesinatos durante 3️⃣ su "guerra contra el terrorismo".

El hecho de que Fujimori, quien murió de cáncer a los 86 años el miércoles, recibiera 3️⃣ el tipo de funeral no visto desde el funeral de 2024 del exsecretario general de la ONU peruano Javier Pérez 3️⃣ de Cuéllar, puede haber enojado a muchos en el país sudamericano, pero vino como poca sorpresa.

Después de todo, la vida 3️⃣ y el legado de Fujimori - quien fue indultado y liberado de la cárcel solo 10 meses antes - es 3️⃣ quizás el tema más amargo y disputado en el Perú contemporáneo.

Para muchos, siempre será el autócrata cínico cuya corrupción, hambre 3️⃣ de poder y desprecio por los derechos humanos envenenaron la nación. Para otros, siempre será el outsider político que, de 3️⃣ alguna manera, logró derrotar las plagas del terrorismo y la hiperinflación.

Aquellos en el último campamento eran evidentes en las calles 3️⃣ fuera del ministerio de Cultura el jueves, donde hacían cola, aplaudían y lloraban mientras recordaban al hombre cariñosamente conocido como 3️⃣ "El Chino", mientras que las coronas florales enviadas por la élite empresarial del país se apilaban.

"Está recibiendo los honores que 3️⃣ merece porque fue el mejor presidente en la historia del Perú", dijo Milagros Parra, de 54 años, quien había venido 3️⃣ con compañeros del vecindario San Juan de Lurigancho en las afueras de Lima.

"Heredó un país lleno de sangre con una 3️⃣ hiperinflación masiva. Tenemos que agradecerle."

Fujimori, el hijo de inmigrantes japoneses, fue el candidato casi desconocido que se postuló contra el 3️⃣ novelista peruano - y futuro ganador del Premio Nobel - Mario Vargas Llosa en las elecciones de 1990, que se 3️⃣ llevaron a cabo después de casi una década del terrorismo de Sendero Luminoso y años de agitación económica.

Con Vargas Llosa 3️⃣ percibido como otro candidato de la elite blanca y centrada en Lima de Perú, Fujimori, ingeniero agrícola y matemático educado 3️⃣ en Francia y Estados Unidos, capitalizó su atractivo para los peruanos comunes al conducir un tractor y prometer "honestidad, tecnología, 3️⃣ trabajo".

La propuesta funcionó y Fujimori ganó. Sus reformas económicas drásticas y la desregulación de la economía peruana apelaron a la 3️⃣ elite empresarial, mientras que los programas para construir escuelas, carreteras y puentes en comunidades pobres, abandonadas, ganaron votos y apoyo 3️⃣ de por vida.

Como resultado, dijo José Alejandro Godoy, autor de dos libros sobre Fujimori, "tanto los sectores ricos como los 3️⃣ pobres continúan siendo las principales bases de apoyo para él y el movimiento político que fundó".

Pero, enfrentado con el caos 3️⃣ económico y el terrorismo desde el principio, Fujimori gobernó con una mano cada vez más autoritaria en connivencia con su 3️⃣ jefe de inteligencia, Vladimiro Montesinos, un abogado corrupto y exsoldado que le ofreció el control de la judicatura y las 3️⃣ fuerzas armadas.

Emboldened by broad public support, Fujimori embarked on the "war against terrorism" that eventually crushed the Shining Path insurgency 3️⃣ and then the smaller Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, which made headlines when it took hostages during a party at the 3️⃣ Japanese ambassador's residence in December 1996. The capture in 1992 of the Shining Path's leader, Abimael Guzmán, proved a major 3️⃣ coup – the much-feared terrorist mastermind was paraded in a cage in prison stripes – as did the operation that 3️⃣ ended the siege at the Japanese ambassador's residence in April 1997.

Desperate for an end to the bloodshed – the country's 3️⃣ truth and reconciliation commission would later establish that 69,280 people were killed between 1980 and 2000, 54% of them by 3️⃣ the Shining Path – many Peruvians supported Fujimori's "by any means necessary" tactics.

In the early 1990s, Fujimori holed up in 3️⃣ the intelligence service headquarters from where he directed a dirty war using a death squad, the Grupo Colina, to carry 3️⃣ out massacres for which he was eventually convicted and jailed for 25 years in 2009 in a landmark trial against 3️⃣ a former head of state.

These crimes, which included the murder of an eight-year-old boy and a string of other human 3️⃣ rights violations, turned a large sector of public opinion against Fujimori, as did increasing revelations of corruption.

But it took time. 3️⃣ Even when he dissolved congress in 1992, allied himself with the military and co-opted the institutions to rewrite the constitution, 3️⃣ allowing him to run for re-election, he still had broad support.

With a chokehold on power, he gutted and corrupted public 3️⃣ institutions and, via Montesinos, controlled a significant part of the press that trashed his opponents through tabloids known as the 3️⃣ prensa chicha.

He perfected the use of "fake news" to control and subjugate the population

"He perfected the use of 'fake news' 3️⃣ to control and subjugate the population," said Jo-Marie Burt, professor of political science at George Mason University and a senior 3️⃣ fellow at the Washington Office on Latin America.

Things finally began to fall apart towards the end of his second term 3️⃣ when he began pushing for a third mandate using much of the apparatus of a co-opted state. Protests against his 3️⃣ regime grew until they became daily in Lima and, after an election in 2000 that was beset with allegations of 3️⃣ ballot-rigging – and the emergence of videos that showed Montesinos bribing lawmakers with stacks of cash – Peruvians tired of 3️⃣ the Fujimori government and its graft.

Soon after, on an official trip to Asia, Fujimori fled to Japan, his parents' homeland, 3️⃣ and resigned the presidency by fax. But Peru's congress rejected his resignation and, instead, stripped him of the presidency, arguing 3️⃣ that he was "morally unfit" to be head of state.

With Fujimori in disgrace and, latterly, in prison, it was left 3️⃣ to his daughter, Keiko, who had been his first lady since 1994 when her parents separated, to defend and perpetuate 3️⃣ her father's legacy. Today, Keiko, who has finished second in the past three presidential elections, remains the standard bearer for 3️⃣ the political force known, after her father, as fujimorismo – a viciously divisive movement that has contorted Peruvian politics since 3️⃣ he won power.

Fujimori may be dead, but experts say his shadow lingers – and will continue to do so for 3️⃣ a while yet. Hundreds of thousands of women and men – many poor and Indigenous – are still seeking justice 3️⃣ after being forcibly sterilised under his presidency.

For Godoy, the late president "degraded Peruvian politics to extremes rarely seen in national 3️⃣ history" and can be considered the father of the "competitive authoritarianism" seen today in El Salvador under Nayib Bukele.

The author 3️⃣ Michael Reid describes Fujimori as "a transformative president for better and for worse".Although many, unsurprisingly, associate the late president with 3️⃣ human rights violations and the poisoning of democracy, Reid points out that "most poorer Peruvians look back on Fujimori as 3️⃣ somebody who saved the country and somebody who improved their lives and the economy" during a time of crisis.

But, he 3️⃣ added, Fujimori "introduced corruption as an instrument of rule and I think that was immensely damaging ... Above all, his 3️⃣ legacy, sadly, has been one of dividing Peruvians because he did rule as an autocrat from 1992 to 2000."

As Peru 3️⃣ digs in for the mourning period and the many memories it will stir up, some have noted that, in a 3️⃣ quirk of fate, Fujimori died exactly three years to the day after his terrorist nemesis Guzmán died in a military 3️⃣ hospital , also at the age of 86.

Some have even dared to imagine that the coincidence might herald a better 3️⃣ future for a country desperately in need of a break with its recent past.

"And so Alberto Fujimori dies on the 3️⃣ same day as Abimael Guzmán," the Peruvian writer Santiago Roncagliolo wrote on X. "Let's hope this is an omen for 3️⃣ an era with neither terrorists nor dictators. Let's hope the universe is saying that Peru can be a democracy."

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