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as flores selvagens são tão altas quanto os meus joelhos enquanto eu pedalo através de olivais nas colinas ondulantes do 🌜 parque natural Sierra Aracena e Picos Aroche, no sudoeste da Espanha. Eu sigo caminhos sombreados por copas brazino777 app carvalho cópia 🌜 com folhos assombreado pelos riachoes; tecer ao longo das pistas paraledas nos vilarejoSleepyye parar muitas vezes às vistas que ficam 🌜 íngrememente subindo na subida dos pinos até à altura mas apenas controle rápido!
Esta é Andalucía, mas não como eu a 🌜 conheço. O bolso pouco povoado na província de Huelva mais ocidental perto da fronteira portuguesa tem seu próprio microclima e 🌜 se sente diferente do que os cogumelos ocupados no outono; o leste árido: A topografia significa ventos Atlânticos trazem chuva 🌜 para esta área greening vale-prados verdejantes brazino777 app um final primavera com uma paisagem exuberante está repleta por flores multicoloridas ao 🌜 longo dos verões são muito frio
Estou explorando de bicicleta elétrica da minha base na deliciosa Finca el Moro, perto do 🌜 pequeno monte no topo cidade Fuenteheridos a uma hora-e meia desde Sevilha. Seus novos pacotes para bicicletas eletrônicas levar os 🌜 hóspedes por várias horas todos as dias? mergulhar nas rotas circulares rurais brazino777 app um sabor maravilhosamente intocado parte Espanha...
Casas Rurais 🌜 e piscina brazino777 app Finca El Moro
El Moro foi abandonado durante a guerra civil, como muitas fazendas aqui e trazido de 🌜 volta à vida pelos britânicos Nick and Hermione Tudor. Tendo vivido na África com as Terras Altadas da Escócia (os 🌜 caminhos do olival foram deixados no Reino Unido brazino777 app um Land Rover procurando uma fazenda para viver nova Espanha ), 🌜 comprou o remo Finca 1990 Eles lentamente restaurarambrazino777 appcasa rural E três casas arruinada "e tiveram filha Daisy - 🌜 é idílica!
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As casas (dormindo de dois a sete) são rústicas e charmosas combrazino777 appprópria cozinha, 🌜 terraço ou pequena piscina. O café da manhã é servido brazino777 app ovos frescos; frutas: pão fresco – doces caseiro para 🌜 chá - que oferece um bolo caseira). Há uma linda loja agrícola equipada à base do xisto ioga abastecida por 🌜 produtos naturais como o leite natural além dos animais completos na imagem cães/cavalos / galinha(a), cavalos & Violetas burro-quetasse os 🌜 hóspedes podem pedir emprestado até chegarem pela cidade!
O escritor combrazino777 appe-bike na Sierra de Aracena.
Depois de viver no exterior 🌜 por anos, Daisy se apaixonou novamente pela casa da infância durante o confinamento aqui. Ela agora está ao leme com 🌜 seu parceiro francês Eliott um mountain biker que cresceu perto Grenoble e as férias brazino777 app bicicleta pareciam uma adição 🌜 natural "Quando Eliottle visitou a primeira vez ele viu como era perfeito para andar na montanha", diz Margarida (que também 🌜 ensina yoga) Aqui oferece massagens." Há paisagens adequadas aos níveis do mundo inteiro".
O par passou o verão passado a planejar 🌜 rotas, antes de investir brazino777 app Moustache Trail 5 e-bikes (e bicicletas) transformando os estábulos numa oficina para bicicleta. Os agricultores 🌜 locais que são amigos da família permitem acesso à terra outros ciclista não seriam capazesde andar sobre eles :Os hóspedes 🌜 podem se inscrever por uma semana introdutória com passeios até 30 km (18 milhas), ou um dia inteiro nível acima 🌜 das pessoas mais avançadas do mundo; algumas seções técnicas pode cobrir 45km/dia(ou meia bike).
Após a instrução inicial, estamos fora de 🌜 casa com Eliott como nosso guia. As bicicletas são fáceis para dominar mesmo brazino777 app relação iniciantes e dias estão planejados 🌜 conforme as habilidades do grupo nós pedalamos através da floresta ao longo pequenas pistas que fazem parar o café 🌜 na praça aldeia Valdelarco Andorinha swop acima; Eu espião cegonha aninhada sobre uma torre por cima das igrejas divina Salvadora!
Praça 🌜 da cidade brazino777 app Cortelazor.
: Raul Garcia Herrera/Alamy
As milhas são consumidas facilmente à medida que continuamos - as rotas misturam-se com 🌜 pistas 4x4 e caminhos de freio – não há mais ninguém por perto. O almoço é um piquenique brazino777 app espargo, 🌜 tortilha caseira sob uma árvore na nova fazenda Hermione and Nick' timo! Estamos novamente no finca para dar mergulho ou 🌜 massagem antes da próxima festa: jantar debaixo das videira do terraço
jamón
ibérico
Entre as especialidades locais (a área é famosa por seus 🌜 porcos negros de roaming livre); há espinafre e grão-de bico cozidos, frango brazino777 app molho amendoado feito com ingredientes orgânicos ou 🌜 local.
No dia seguinte, mal posso esperar para voltar a saltar na sela. O cenário de hoje é mais robusto mas 🌜 estou confiante nas descidas e subida brazino777 app longas escalações com as quais descemos por cima da escadaria do século XIV 🌜 (pode pedir-lhe chaves no hall das cidades caso esteja trancado).
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Nossa parada de meio da manhã é brazino777 app Linares, na Serra Sierra onde reabastecemos num café oposto 🌜 à praça. Era uma vez o lar das 1.000 pessoas mas agora só vivem 300 aqui e os aglomerados brancos 🌜 alinham as ruas dos caldeirões tornando-se um lugar muito bonito pra passear!
Linares de la Sierra é um lugar bonito para 🌜 passear, com apenas 300 habitantes.
: Shutterstock
Em seguida no itinerário é Aracena, brazino777 app meio ao parque natural uma cidade fortificada na 🌜 época medieval e a maior da área hoje. Nossas bicicletas fazem um trabalho fácil de subir até o castelo Templário 🌜 arruinado com suas vistas 360 graus (a Gruta das Maravillas está abaixo dela há cavernas calcárias que merecem ser visitadas). 🌜 Nós voltamos para baixo à vila por causa do merecido almoço nos Restaurante Casas Plate s doces!
jamón
Alcachofras, salada e queijo 🌜 logo cobrem a mesa.
Há algo muito especial neste canto da Espanha – um sentimento de que a terra ainda está 🌜 viva e selvagem, as cidades ou aldeias caiadas intocadas pelo turismo brazino777 app massa.
Há algo muito especial neste canto da Espanha 🌜 - um sentimento de que as coisas não mudaram tanto ao longo dos séculos, a terra ainda está viva e 🌜 selvagem. As cidades são aldeias caiadas intocadas pelo turismo brazino777 app massa é diferente das outras partes do Andalucía (um 🌜 paraíso protegido coberto pela floresta) para viagens lentas E há uma coisa particularmente particular sobre El Moro:
Você não precisa se 🌜 inscrever para umas férias de bicicleta, é claro – há semanas dedicada à ioga ou você pode reservar um chalé 🌜 comobrazino777 appbase e caminhada. bike and do yoga -ou apenas relaxar E explorar Mas tendo tido o gosto daquilo 🌜 que oferece a diversão da cobertura muito terreno A sensação das mãos experientes Eu definitivamente voltaria mais tarde!
A viagem foi 🌜 fornecida por Finca el Moro.
. Elétricos
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Forms of competitive activity, usually physical
The 2005 London Marathon: running races, in their various specialties, represent the oldest and most 1️⃣ traditional form of sport.
Sport pertains to any form of physical activity or game,[1] often competitive and organized, that aims to 1️⃣ use, maintain, or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, entertainment to spectators.
[2] 1️⃣ Sports can, through casual or organized participation, improve participants' physical health.
Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single contestants, through 1️⃣ to those with hundreds of simultaneous participants, either in teams or competing as individuals.
In certain sports such as racing, many 1️⃣ contestants may compete, simultaneously or consecutively, with one winner; in others, the contest (a match) is between two sides, each 1️⃣ attempting to exceed the other.
Some sports allow a "tie" or "draw", in which there is no single winner; others provide 1️⃣ tie-breaking methods to ensure one winner and one loser.
A number of contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a 1️⃣ champion.
Many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by 1️⃣ playoffs.
Sport is generally recognised as system of activities based in physical athleticism or physical dexterity, with major competitions such as 1️⃣ the Olympic Games admitting only sports meeting this definition.
[3] Other organisations, such as the Council of Europe, preclude activities without 1️⃣ a physical element from classification as sports.
[2] However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports.
The 1️⃣ International Olympic Committee (through ARISF) recognises both chess and bridge as bona fide sports, and SportAccord, the international sports federation 1️⃣ association, recognises five non-physical sports: bridge, chess, draughts (checkers), Go and xiangqi,[4][5] and limits the number of mind games which 1️⃣ can be admitted as sports.[1]
Sport is usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair 1️⃣ competition, and allow consistent adjudication of the winner.
Winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring goals or crossing 1️⃣ a line first.
It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or 1️⃣ subjective measures such as technical performance or artistic impression.
Records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information 1️⃣ may be widely announced or reported in sport news.
Sport is also a major source of entertainment for non-participants, with spectator 1️⃣ sport drawing large crowds to sport venues, and reaching wider audiences through broadcasting.
Sport betting is in some cases severely regulated, 1️⃣ and in some cases is central to the sport.According to A.T.
Kearney, a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up 1️⃣ to $620 billion as of 2013.
[6] The world's most accessible and practised sport is running, while association football is the 1️⃣ most popular spectator sport.
[7]Meaning and usageEtymology
The word "sport" comes from the Old French desport meaning "leisure", with the oldest definition 1️⃣ in English from around 1300 being "anything humans find amusing or entertaining".[8]
Other meanings include gambling and events staged for the 1️⃣ purpose of gambling; hunting; and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise.
[9] Roget's defines the noun sport as an 1️⃣ "activity engaged in for relaxation and amusement" with synonyms including diversion and recreation.[10]Nomenclature
The singular term "sport" is used in most 1️⃣ English dialects to describe the overall concept (e.g.
"children taking part in sport"), with "sports" used to describe multiple activities (e.g.
"football 1️⃣ and rugby are the most popular sports in England").
American English uses "sports" for both terms.
Definition
The International Olympic Committee recognises some 1️⃣ board games as sports including chess.
The precise definition of what differentiates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources.
The 1️⃣ closest to an international agreement on a definition is provided by the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF), which 1️⃣ is the association for all the largest international sports federations (including association football, athletics, cycling, tennis, equestrian sports, and more), 1️⃣ and is therefore the de facto representative of international sport.
GAISF uses the following criteria, determining that a sport should:[1]
have an 1️⃣ element of competition
be in no way harmful to any living creature
not rely on equipment provided by a single supplier (excluding 1️⃣ proprietary games such as arena football)
not rely on any "luck" element specifically designed into the sport.
They also recognise that sport 1️⃣ can be primarily physical (such as rugby or athletics), primarily mind (such as chess or Go), predominantly motorised (such as 1️⃣ Formula 1 or powerboating), primarily co-ordination (such as billiard sports), or primarily animal-supported (such as equestrian sport).[1]
The inclusion of mind 1️⃣ sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted, leading to legal challenges from governing bodies in regards to being 1️⃣ denied funding available to sports.
[11] Whilst GAISF recognises a small number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting 1️⃣ any further mind sports.
There has been an increase in the application of the term "sport" to a wider set of 1️⃣ non-physical challenges such as video games, also called esports (from "electronic sports"), especially due to the large scale of participation 1️⃣ and organised competition, but these are not widely recognised by mainstream sports organisations.
According to Council of Europe, European Sports Charter, 1️⃣ article 2.
i, "'Sport' means all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving 1️⃣ physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels.
"[12]CompetitionHorse racing
There are opposing views 1️⃣ on the necessity of competition as a defining element of a sport, with almost all professional sports involving competition, and 1️⃣ governing bodies requiring competition as a prerequisite of recognition by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) or GAISF.[1]
Other bodies advocate widening 1️⃣ the definition of sport to include all physical activity.
For instance, the Council of Europe include all forms of physical exercise, 1️⃣ including those competed just for fun.
In order to widen participation, and reduce the impact of losing on less able participants, 1️⃣ there has been an introduction of non-competitive physical activity to traditionally competitive events such as school sports days, although moves 1️⃣ like this are often controversial.[13][14]
In competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their "result" and often divided into 1️⃣ groups of comparable performance, (e.g.
gender, weight and age).
The measurement of the result may be objective or subjective, and corrected with 1️⃣ "handicaps" or penalties.
In a race, for example, the time to complete the course is an objective measurement.
In gymnastics or diving 1️⃣ the result is decided by a panel of judges, and therefore subjective.
There are many shades of judging between boxing and 1️⃣ mixed martial arts, where victory is assigned by judges if neither competitor has lost at the end of the match 1️⃣ time.
History
Roman bronze reduction of Myron's Discobolos, 2nd century AD
Swimmers perform squats as warm-up exercise prior to entering the pool in 1️⃣ a U.S.
military base, 2011.
Artifacts and structures suggest sport in China as early as 2000 BC.
[15] Gymnastics appears to have been 1️⃣ popular in China's ancient past.
Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a number of sports, including swimming and fishing, were well-developed 1️⃣ and regulated several thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt.
[16] Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling.
Ancient 1️⃣ Persian sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of Zoorkhaneh had a close connection to warfare skills.
[17] Among other 1️⃣ sports that originated in ancient Persia are polo and jousting.
The traditional South Asian sport of kabaddi has been played for 1️⃣ thousands of years, potentially as a preparation for hunting.[18]
Motorised sports have appeared since the advent of the modern age.
A wide 1️⃣ range of sports were already established by the time of Ancient Greece and the military culture and the development of 1️⃣ sport in Greece influenced one another considerably.
Sport became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the 1️⃣ Olympic Games, which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the Peloponnesus called Olympia.[19]
Sports 1️⃣ have been increasingly organised and regulated from the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present century.
Industrialisation has brought 1️⃣ motorised transportation and increased leisure time, letting people attend and follow spectator sports and participate in athletic activities.
These trends continued 1️⃣ with the advent of mass media and global communication.
Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity, as 1️⃣ sports fans followed the exploits of professional athletes – all while enjoying the exercise and competition associated with amateur participation 1️⃣ in sports.
Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been increasing debate about whether transgender sports people should be 1️⃣ able to participate in sport events that conform with their post-transition gender identity.
[20]Fair playSportsmanship
Sportsmanship is an attitude that strives for 1️⃣ fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, ethical behaviour and integrity, and grace in victory or defeat.[21][22][23]
Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration 1️⃣ or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake.
The well-known sentiment by sports journalist Grantland Rice, that 1️⃣ it is "not that you won or lost but how you played the game", and the modern Olympic creed expressed 1️⃣ by its founder Pierre de Coubertin: "The most important thing...
is not winning but taking part" are typical expressions of this 1️⃣ sentiment.
Cheating
Key principles of sport include that the result should not be predetermined, and that both sides should have equal opportunity 1️⃣ to win.
Rules are in place to ensure fair play, but participants can break these rules in order to gain advantage.
Participants 1️⃣ may cheat in order to unfairly increase their chance of winning, or in order to achieve other advantages such as 1️⃣ financial gains.
The widespread existence of gambling on the results of sports events creates a motivation for match fixing, where a 1️⃣ participant or participants deliberately work to ensure a given outcome rather than simply playing to win.
Doping and drugs
The competitive nature 1️⃣ of sport encourages some participants to attempt to enhance their performance through the use of medicines, or through other means 1️⃣ such as increasing the volume of blood in their bodies through artificial means.
All sports recognised by the IOC or SportAccord 1️⃣ are required to implement a testing programme, looking for a list of banned drugs, with suspensions or bans being placed 1️⃣ on participants who test positive for banned substances.
Violence
Violence in sports involves crossing the line between fair competition and intentional aggressive 1️⃣ violence.
Athletes, coaches, fans, and parents sometimes unleash violent behaviour on people or property, in misguided shows of loyalty, dominance, anger, 1️⃣ or celebration.
Rioting or hooliganism by fans in particular is a problem at some national and international sporting contests.
[citation needed]Participation
Gender participation
International 1️⃣ level female athletes at ISTAF Berlin, 2006
Female participation in sports continues to rise alongside the opportunity for involvement and the 1️⃣ value of sports for child development and physical fitness.
Despite increases in female participation during the last three decades, a gap 1️⃣ persists in the enrolment figures between male and female players in sports-related teams.
Female players account for 39% of the total 1️⃣ participation in US interscholastic athletics.
Certain sports are mixed-gender, allowing (or even requiring) men and women to play on the same 1️⃣ team.
One example of this is Baseball5, which is the first mixed-gender sport to have been admitted into an Olympic event.
[24]Youth 1️⃣ participation
Youth sport presents children with opportunities for fun, socialisation, forming peer relationships, physical fitness, and athletic scholarships.
Activists for education and 1️⃣ the war on drugs encourage youth sport as a means to increase educational participation and to fight the illegal drug 1️⃣ trade.
According to the Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children's Hospital, the biggest risk for youth sport is 1️⃣ death or serious injury including concussion.
These risks come from running, basketball, association football, volleyball, gridiron, gymnastics, and ice hockey.
[25] Youth 1️⃣ sport in the US is a $15 billion industry including equipment up to private coaching.[26]
Disabled participation
A runner gives a friendly 1️⃣ tap on the shoulder to a wheelchair racer during the Marathon International de Paris (Paris Marathon) in 2014.
Disabled sports also 1️⃣ adaptive sports or parasports, are sports played by people with a disability, including physical and intellectual disabilities.
As many of these 1️⃣ are based on existing sports modified to meet the needs of people with a disability, they are sometimes referred to 1️⃣ as adapted sports.
However, not all disabled sports are adapted; several sports that have been specifically created for people with a 1️⃣ disability have no equivalent in able-bodied sports.
Spectator involvement
Spectators at the 1906 unofficial Olympic Games
The competition element of sport, along with 1️⃣ the aesthetic appeal of some sports, result in the popularity of people attending to watch sport being played.
This has led 1️⃣ to the specific phenomenon of spectator sport.
Both amateur and professional sports attract spectators, both in person at the sport venue, 1️⃣ and through broadcast media including radio, television and internet broadcast.
Both attendance in person and viewing remotely can incur a sometimes 1️⃣ substantial charge, such as an entrance ticket, or pay-per-view television broadcast.
Sports league and tournament are two common arrangements to organise 1️⃣ sport teams or individual athletes into competing against each other continuously or periodically.
It is common for popular sports to attract 1️⃣ large broadcast audiences, leading to rival broadcasters bidding large amounts of money for the rights to show certain events.
The football 1️⃣ World Cup attracts a global television audience of hundreds of millions; the 2006 final alone attracted an estimated worldwide audience 1️⃣ of well over 700 million and the 2011 Cricket World Cup Final attracted an estimated audience of 135 million in 1️⃣ India alone.[27]
In the United States, the championship game of the NFL, the Super Bowl, has become one of the most 1️⃣ watched television broadcasts of the year.
[28][29] Super Bowl Sunday is a de facto national holiday in America;[30][31] the viewership being 1️⃣ so great that in 2015, advertising space was reported as being sold at $4.
5m for a 30-second slot.[28]
Amateur and professional
Women's 1️⃣ volleyball team of a U.S.university
Sport can be undertaken on an amateur, professional or semi-professional basis, depending on whether participants are 1️⃣ incentivised for participation (usually through payment of a wage or salary).
Amateur participation in sport at lower levels is often called 1️⃣ "grassroots sport".[2][32]
The popularity of spectator sport as a recreation for non-participants has led to sport becoming a major business in 1️⃣ its own right, and this has incentivised a high paying professional sport culture, where high performing participants are rewarded with 1️⃣ pay far in excess of average wages, which can run into millions of dollars.[33]
Some sports, or individual competitions within a 1️⃣ sport, retain a policy of allowing only amateur sport.
The Olympic Games started with a principle of amateur competition with those 1️⃣ who practised a sport professionally considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practised it merely as a hobby.
[34] 1️⃣ From 1971, Olympic athletes were allowed to receive compensation and sponsorship,[35] and from 1986, the IOC decided to make all 1️⃣ professional athletes eligible for the Olympics,[35][36] with the exceptions of boxing,[37][38] and wrestling.[39][40]Technology
These lights at the Melbourne Cricket Ground indicate 1️⃣ the decision the third umpire makes following a review.
Technology plays an important part in modern sport.
It is a necessary part 1️⃣ of some sports (such as motorsport), and it is used in others to improve performance.
Some sports also use it to 1️⃣ allow off-field decision making.
Sports science is a widespread academic discipline, and can be applied to areas including athlete performance, such 1️⃣ as the use of video analysis to fine-tune technique, or to equipment, such as improved running shoes or competitive swimwear.
Sports 1️⃣ engineering emerged as a discipline in 1998 with an increasing focus not just on materials design but also the use 1️⃣ of technology in sport, from analytics and big data to wearable technology.
[41] In order to control the impact of technology 1️⃣ on fair play, governing bodies frequently have specific rules that are set to control the impact of technical advantage between 1️⃣ participants.
For example, in 2010, full-body, non-textile swimsuits were banned by FINA, as they were enhancing swimmers' performances.[42][43]
The increase in technology 1️⃣ has also allowed many decisions in sports matches to be taken, or reviewed, off-field, with another official using instant replays 1️⃣ to make decisions.
In some sports, players can now challenge decisions made by officials.
In Association football, goal-line technology makes decisions on 1️⃣ whether a ball has crossed the goal line or not.
[44] The technology is not compulsory,[45] but was used in the 1️⃣ 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil,[46] and the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada,[47] as well as in the 1️⃣ Premier League from 2013–14,[48] and the Bundesliga from 2015–16.
[49] In the NFL, a referee can ask for a review from 1️⃣ the replay booth, or a head coach can issue a challenge to review the play using replays.
The final decision rests 1️⃣ with the referee.
[50] A video referee (commonly known as a Television Match Official or TMO) can also use replays to 1️⃣ help decision-making in rugby (both league and union).
[51][52] In international cricket, an umpire can ask the Third umpire for a 1️⃣ decision, and the third umpire makes the final decision.
[53][54] Since 2008, a decision review system for players to review decisions 1️⃣ has been introduced and used in ICC-run tournaments, and optionally in other matches.
[53][55] Depending on the host broadcaster, a number 1️⃣ of different technologies are used during an umpire or player review, including instant replays, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot and Real Time 1️⃣ Snickometer.
[56][57] Hawk-Eye is also used in tennis to challenge umpiring decisions.[58][59]
Sports and education
Research suggests that sports have the capacity to 1️⃣ connect youth to positive adult role models and provide positive development opportunities, as well as promote the learning and application 1️⃣ of life skills.
[60][61] In recent years the use of sport to reduce crime, as well as to prevent violent extremism 1️⃣ and radicalization, has become more widespread, especially as a tool to improve self-esteem, enhance social bonds and provide participants with 1️⃣ a feeling of purpose.[61]
There is no high-quality evidence that shows the effectiveness of interventions to increase sports participation of the 1️⃣ community in sports such as mass media campaigns, educational sessions, and policy changes.
[62] There is also no high-quality studies that 1️⃣ investigate the effect of such interventions in promoting healthy behaviour change in the community.[63]Politics
Benito Mussolini used the 1934 FIFA World 1️⃣ Cup, which was held in Italy, to showcase Fascist Italy.
[64][65] Adolf Hitler also used the 1936 Summer Olympics held in 1️⃣ Berlin, and the 1936 Winter Olympics held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, to promote the Nazi ideology of the superiority of the Aryan 1️⃣ race, and inferiority of the Jews and other "undesirables".
[65][66] Germany used the Olympics to give off a peaceful image while 1️⃣ secretly preparing for war.[67]
When apartheid was the official policy in South Africa, many sports people, particularly in rugby union, adopted 1️⃣ the conscientious approach that they should not appear in competitive sports there.
Some feel this was an effective contribution to the 1️⃣ eventual demolition of the policy of apartheid, others feel that it may have prolonged and reinforced its worst effects.[68]
In the 1️⃣ history of Ireland, Gaelic sports were connected with cultural nationalism.
Until the mid-20th century a person could have been banned from 1️⃣ playing Gaelic football, hurling, or other sports administered by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) if she/he played or supported Association 1️⃣ football, or other games seen to be of British origin.
Until recently the GAA continued to ban the playing of football 1️⃣ and rugby union at Gaelic venues.
This ban, also known as Rule 42,[69] is still enforced, but was modified to allow 1️⃣ football and rugby to be played in Croke Park while Lansdowne Road was redeveloped into Aviva Stadium.
Until recently, under Rule 1️⃣ 21, the GAA also banned members of the British security forces and members of the RUC from playing Gaelic games, 1️⃣ but the advent of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 led to the eventual removal of the ban.[70]
Nationalism is often 1️⃣ evident in the pursuit of sport, or in its reporting: people compete in national teams, or commentators and audiences can 1️⃣ adopt a partisan view.
On occasion, such tensions can lead to violent confrontation among players or spectators within and beyond the 1️⃣ sporting venue, as in the Football War.
These trends are seen by many as contrary to the fundamental ethos of sport 1️⃣ being carried on for its own sake and for the enjoyment of its participants.
Sport and politics collided in the 1972 1️⃣ Olympics in Munich.
Masked men entered the hotel of the Israeli Olympic team and killed many of their men.
This was known 1️⃣ as the Munich massacre.
A study of US elections has shown that the result of sports events can affect the results.
A 1️⃣ study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showed that when the home team wins the game 1️⃣ before the election, the incumbent candidates can increase their share of the vote by 1.5 per cent.
A loss had the 1️⃣ opposite effect, and the effect is greater for higher-profile teams or unexpected wins and losses.
[71] Also, when Washington Redskins win 1️⃣ their final game before an election, then the incumbent President is more likely to win, and if the Redskins lose, 1️⃣ then the opposition candidate is more likely to win; this has become known as the Redskins Rule.[72][73]
As a means of 1️⃣ controlling and subduing populations
Étienne de La Boétie, in his essay Discourse on Voluntary Servitude describes athletic spectacles as means for 1️⃣ tyrants to control their subjects by distracting them.
Do not imagine that there is any bird more easily caught by decoy, 1️⃣ nor any fish sooner fixed on the hook by wormy bait, than are all these poor fools neatly tricked into 1️⃣ servitude by the slightest feather passed, so to speak, before their mouths.
Truly it is a marvellous thing that they let 1️⃣ themselves be caught so quickly at the slightest tickling of their fancy.
Plays, farces, spectacles, gladiators, strange beasts, medals, pictures, and 1️⃣ other such opiates, these were for ancient peoples the bait toward slavery, the price of their liberty, the instruments of 1️⃣ tyranny.
By these practices and enticements the ancient dictators so successfully lulled their subjects under the yoke, that the stupefied peoples, 1️⃣ fascinated by the pastimes and vain pleasures flashed before their eyes, learned subservience as naïvely, but not so creditably, as 1️⃣ little children learn to read by looking at bright picture books.[74]
During the British rule of Bengal, British and European sports 1️⃣ began to supplant traditional Bengali sports, resulting in a loss of native culture.
[75][76]Religious views
The foot race was one of the 1️⃣ events dedicated to Zeus.
Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, c.
500 BC , Louvre museum.
Sport was an important form of worship in Ancient 1️⃣ Greek religion.
The ancient Olympic Games were held in honour of the head deity, Zeus, and featured various forms of religious 1️⃣ dedication to him and other gods.
[77] As many Greeks travelled to see the games, this combination of religion and sport 1️⃣ also served as a way of uniting them.
The practice of athletic competitions has been criticised by some Christian thinkers as 1️⃣ a form of idolatry, in which "human beings extol themselves, adore themselves, sacrifice themselves and reward themselves.
"[78] Sports are seen 1️⃣ by these critics as a manifestation of "collective pride" and "national self-deification" in which feats of human power are idolised 1️⃣ at the expense of divine worship.[78]
Tertullian condemns the athletic performances of his day, insisting "the entire apparatus of the shows 1️⃣ is based upon idolatry.
"[79] The shows, says Tertullian, excite passions foreign to the calm temperament cultivated by the Christian:
God has 1️⃣ enjoined us to deal calmly, gently, quietly, and peacefully with the Holy Spirit, because these things are alone in keeping 1️⃣ with the goodness of His nature, with His tenderness and sensitiveness....
Well, how shall this be made to accord with the 1️⃣ shows? For the show always leads to spiritual agitation, since where there is pleasure, there is keenness of feeling giving 1️⃣ pleasure its zest; and where there is keenness of feeling, there is rivalry giving in turn its zest to that.
Then, 1️⃣ too, where you have rivalry, you have rage, bitterness, wrath and grief, with all bad things which flow from them 1️⃣ – the whole entirely out of keeping with the religion of Christ.[80]
Christian clerics in the Wesleyan-Holiness movement oppose the viewing 1️⃣ of or participation in professional sports, believing that professional sports leagues profane the Sabbath as in the modern era, certain 1️⃣ associations hold games on the Lord's Day.
[81] They also criticise professional sports for its fostering of a commitment that competes 1️⃣ with a Christian's primary commitment to God in opposition to 1 Corinthians 7:35, what they perceive to be a lack 1️⃣ of modesty in the players' and cheerleaders' uniforms (which are not in conformity with the Methodistic doctrine of outward holiness), 1️⃣ its association with violence in opposition to Hebrews 7:26, what they perceive to be the extensive use of profanity among 1️⃣ many players that contravenes Colossians 3:8–10, and the frequent presence of gambling, as well as alcohol and other drugs at 1️⃣ sporting events, which go against a commitment to teetotalism.[81]Popularity
Popularity in 2018 of major sports by size of fan base:[7]See alsoRelated 1️⃣ topicsSources
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Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.
Text taken from Strengthening the rule of 1️⃣ law through education: a guide for policymakers, UNESCO, UNESCO.UNESCO.
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ReferencesSources
European Commission (2007), The White 1️⃣ Paper on Sport ..
Council of Europe (2001), The European sport charter.
Further reading
artigos relacionados
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