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roller-skating, recreational and competitive sport in which the participants use special shoes fitted with small wheels to move about on 🍉 rinks or paved surfaces.

Roller-skating sports include speed skating, hockey, figure skating, and dancing competitions similar to the ice-skating sports, as 🍉 well as the vertical and street-style competitions common to so-called extreme sports.

Development of the roller skate The invention of roller 🍉 skates has been traditionally credited to a Belgian, Joseph Merlin, in the 1760s, although there are many reports of wheels 🍉 attached to ice skates and shoes in the early years of that century.

Early models were derived from the ice skate 🍉 and typically had an "in-line" arrangement of wheels (the wheels formed a single straight line along the bottom of the 🍉 skate).In 1819 M.

Petibled of Paris received the first patent for a roller skate.

Like previous models, Petibled's skate had an in-line 🍉 wheel arrangement, using three wooden or metal wheels.

The wheels were connected to a wooden block that in turn could be 🍉 strapped to a boot.

These early roller skates enjoyed limited popularity.

The ride was rough, and stopping and turning were nearly impossible.

Britannica 🍉 Quiz American Sports Nicknames Victorian couples roller-skating through a park, illustration by George du Maurier, 1876.

The first practical roller skate 🍉 was designed in 1863 by James Plimpton of Medford, Massachusetts, who broke from the in-line construction and used two parallel 🍉 pairs of wheels, one set near the heel of the boot and the other near the front.

He attached the wheel 🍉 pairs to the boot using springy carriages known as trucks.

This construction was first known as the "rocking" skate (and is 🍉 now known as a "quad") because it allowed the skater to easily shift on the skates in order to smoothly 🍉 navigate turns and perform other maneuvers.

Thereafter the first great recreational roller-skating craze swept the United States and western Europe, where 🍉 rinks were built in both small towns and large cities.

At the turn of the 20th century, rinks constructed in the 🍉 Chicago Coliseum and New York City's Madison Square Garden attracted thousands of customers on their opening nights.

The quad style of 🍉 skate became the most popular skate for the next 80 years.

Plimpton's quad skates were soon followed by other technological improvements.

In 🍉 the 1880s ball bearings were added to the wheel construction, allowing for a smoother ride.

Toe stops for braking were introduced 🍉 as early as the 1850s; however, the large rubber toe stop for quad skates was not widely used until the 🍉 1950s.

Heel stops were introduced with some of the earliest roller skates but were perfected only with the re-emergence of in-line 🍉 skates in the 1980s.

In the 1960s the wooden or metal wheels traditionally used in skates gave way to lightweight polyurethane 🍉 plastic wheels that gripped the riding surface better.

In the 1980s roller-skating enjoyed renewed popularity with the creation of a new 🍉 generation of in-line roller skates by hockey-playing brothers Scott and Brennan Olson, the founders of Rollerblade, Inc.

They developed in-line skates 🍉 with four wheels that extended the full length of the boot, giving the skater greater maneuverability (compared with previous in-line 🍉 skates) and much more speed.

The company also introduced lightweight plastics and other materials to the boot construction, as well as 🍉 buckles that allowed for easy adjustments to the fit and comfort of the skate.

Roller sports New sports incorporating roller skates 🍉 emerged soon after the introduction of the quad skate in 1863.

The first recorded game of roller hockey took place in 🍉 London in 1878.

Speed roller-skating events began in the 1890s and were popular through the first quarter of the 20th century.

Major 🍉 speed roller-skating events for men, women, and relay teams involve racing counterclockwise around an oval track or on the open 🍉 road.

The rules and techniques for these competitions are much like those established for ice skating.

Dancing and figure skating on roller 🍉 skates were introduced in 1910 and 1923, respectively; systems for judging competitions and for proficiency tests are similar to those 🍉 used in ice skating.

International competition in artistic and speed roller-skating and in roller hockey is governed by the International Federation 🍉 of Roller Sports, founded in 1924.

The first world championships were held in 1937.

Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access 🍉 to exclusive content.

Subscribe Now Roller Derby was one of the first roller sports to succeed on the professional level.

The sport 🍉 originated in Chicago in 1935 as an endurance competition between male-female couples.

The teams would circle a banked rink for 57,000 🍉 laps, a total distance that was said to equal a trip across the United States.

A few years later Roller Derby 🍉 was restructured as a contact sport with two teams, each consisting of five men and five women.

The men would compete 🍉 against the men and the women versus the women, in alternating periods.

A designated skater for each side would try to 🍉 pass as many members of the opposite team as possible during the period, while teammates would work to block or 🍉 slow the opposing team.

Audiences responded to the speed, violence, and theatricality of the sport (feuds were often scripted), and the 🍉 spectacle was hugely popular during the 1940s and '50s.

Leagues thrived in Canada, Japan, and Puerto Rico.

Professional Roller Derby collapsed in 🍉 the 1970s, and attempts to revive it were unsuccessful until the early 21st century.

The resurgence occurred primarily in the United 🍉 States and comprised both professional and amateur teams.

The arrival of a new generation of in-line skates in the 1980s had 🍉 a major impact on roller sports.

The improved in-line skates were quickly adopted by speed skaters and also inspired a new 🍉 variety of roller hockey.

The original form of roller hockey, also known as hardball roller hockey, is played with quad skates, 🍉 a small hard ball, and curved sticks similar to those used in field hockey, and the sport's rules are derived 🍉 largely from polo.

In-line roller hockey uses a puck, sticks, and many of the rules of ice hockey.

In-line skaters also embraced 🍉 competitions commonly associated with skateboarding.

These sports, sometimes called aggressive roller-skating, include street style, which involves riding through urban environments and 🍉 performing tricks off stairs, rails, and other structures, and vertical style, which involves aerial acrobatics performed off ramps or in 🍉 a half-pipe (a U-shaped skating structure).

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